Isotopic dating methods Video
Radiometric Dating: Carbon-14 and Uranium-238Isotopic dating methods - phrase and
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isotopic dating methods
Originally, fossils only provided us isotopic dating methods relative ages because, although early paleontologists understood biological succession, they did not know the absolute ages of the different organisms. It was only in the early part of the 20th century, when isotopic dating methods were first applied, that it became possible to discover the absolute ages of the rocks containing fossils. In most cases, we cannot use isotopic techniques to directly date fossils or the sedimentary rocks in which they are found, but we can constrain their ages by dating igneous rocks that cut across sedimentary rocks, or volcanic ash layers that lie within sedimentary layers. Isotopic dating of rocks, or the minerals within them, is based upon the fact that we know isotopic dating methods decay rates of certain unstable isotopes of elements, and that these decay rates have been constant throughout geological time.
It isotopic dating methods also based on the premise that when the atoms of an element decay within a mineral or a rock, they remain trapped in the mineral or rock, and do not escape. It has a half-life of 1. In order to use the K-Ar dating technique, we need to have an igneous or metamorphic rock that includes a potassium-bearing mineral. One good example is granite, which contains the mineral potassium feldspar Figure Potassium feldspar does not contain any argon when it forms.
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Over time, the 40 K in the feldspar decays to 40 Ar. The atoms of 40 Ar remain embedded within the crystal, unless the rock is subjected to high temperatures after it forms. The sample must be analyzed using a very sensitive mass-spectrometer, which can detect the differences between the masses of atoms, and can therefore distinguish between 40 K and the much more abundant 39 K. The minerals biotite and hornblende are also commonly used for K-Ar dating. There are many isotope pairs that can be employed in dating igneous and metamorphic rocks see Table In the isotopic dating methods example, the daughter isotope 40 Ar is naturally a gas, and isotopic dating methods escape the potassium feldspar quite easily if the feldspar is exposed to heating during metamorphism, or interaction with hydrothermal fluids. Hence we must closely examine the feldspar mineral to determine if there is any evidence of alteration.
If some 40 Ar has been lost, but the sample is dated anyway, an age that is too young will be calculated.
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Each parent isotope has a certain half-life, which ranges from microseconds to billions of years, depending upon the isotope. In dating rocks, isotopic dating methods need to select an isotope pair with a parent isotope that has a reasonable half-life. This means that the half-life must not be too short or too long. If the half-life is too short, then most of the parent isotope will have decayed to form the daughter isotope. If we cannot measure the amount of parent isotope very accurately, which will be impossible to do if there is only the tiniest amount of parent isotope left, our calculated age will have huge errors associated with it. The same applies if the half-life isotopic dating methods too long. In this case, very little of the daughter isotope will have formed, and our inability to measure the small amount of daughter isotope accurately will again result in huge errors in our calculated age.
Another complicating factor is whether the mineral of interest incorporated any of site for gay 13 year daughter isotope into its structure at the time of formation.
When we select a mineral and an isotope pair to date that mineral, we make the assumption that all of the daughter isotope we find in the mineral was produced in the mineral by radioactive decay of the parent isotope. But if the isotopic dating methods formed with some daughter isotope already present in its structure, then the age we calculate will be too old. A more robust mineral to use to date certain types of igneous and metamorphic rocks is zircon.
Zircon is a mineral that incorporates uranium into its structure at the time of formation.
One of the isotopes of uranium decays to lead with a long half-life see Table Zircon is a mineral of choice isotopic dating methods dating because it takes no lead into its structure when it forms, so any lead present is due entirely to the radioactive decay of the uranium parent. Another reason is because zircon is a very resistant mineral. It can handle exposure daging hydrothermal fluids, and all but the highest grades of metamorphism, and not lose any of the parent or daughter isotopes. Hence the age that isotopic dating methods calculate tends to be very accurate.
One drawback is that zircon tends to form only in felsic igneous rocks. Hence if we are trying to date a mafic igneous rock, we must choose a different mineral. When we employ isotopic methods on minerals we are measuring an age date. Generally, an age date refers to the time since a mineral crystallized from molten rock magma or lava. But metyods we have already seen, elevated temperatures can cause elements to escape from a mineral, without the mineral melting. Hence when we date a mineral, we may be dating the time since the mineral crystallized from a melt, or the time since the mineral last experienced a period of heating above its Curie pointwhich is the temperature beyond which the mineral is able to lose or gain elements from its structure, without melting.]
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